Ficheiro:Haplogroup K of Y-DNA.png
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Descrição do ficheiro
| Descrição |
Español: Mapa de las migraciones prehistóricas del haplogrupo K (M9) del cromosoma Y humano.
English: Migration map of haplogroup K (M9) |
| Data | |
| Origem | Obra do próprio |
| Autor | Maulucioni |
This map includes the following major subclades of K:
| K (M9) |
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Description and sources
The eurasian Y-chromosomal haplogroup K is consistent with the scenario that the coastal southern route migration from Africa carried the ancestral Eurasian lineages first to the Indian subcontinent and probably it originated there[1] about 47,000 years ago.[2]
Haplogroup L is probably of Middle-Eastern origin.[3] The dispersal of haplogroup T also points within the Near East and from the Near East to sub-Saharan Africa mainly.[4]
An initial rapid diversification process of K2 (M526) likely occurred in Southeast Asia.[5] K2c was observed in Bali, K2d in Java and MS (or K2b1) diversifies in Maritime Southeast Asia and is related to the settlement of Oceania.[5]
NO diversified into the Far East, and while O spread throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia, N expanded to the north and through southern Siberia reached into northeastern Europe.[6]
The greatest diversification of P was in Southeast Asia and its main clade P1 was found in human remains from North Asia, which occurred before diversifying into Q and R;[7] while P2 was found in the Philippines.[8]
Q is considered to have arosed in Central Asia,[9] like R1 and R2.[3]
Subclades of Q are related to the settlement of the Americas. The Amerindians are characterized by the presence of Q-M3 and Q-Z780, while the Eskimos have Q-YP1500.[10]
It has been suggested that R1a (M420) would have originated in the vicinity of Iran, While R1a-M17 would have an European origin.[11] R1b would have originated in the Near East,[12] expanding during the Holocene into Europe[13] and sub-Saharan Africa.[14]
References
- ↑ Kivisild, T et al. “The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations.” American journal of human genetics vol. 72,2 (2003): 313-32. doi:10.1086/346068
- ↑ Tatiana M. Karafet et al. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree Genome Res. (2008) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press doi: 10.1101/gr.7172008
- ↑ a b Zhao, Zhongming et al. “Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: a study of 560 Y chromosomes.” Annals of human biology vol. 36,1 (2009): 46-59. doi:10.1080/03014460802558522
- ↑ Mendez FL, Karafet TM, Krahn T, Ostrer H, Soodyall H, Hammer MF. Increased resolution of Y chromosome haplogroup T defines relationships among populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa. Hum Biol. 2011 Feb;83(1):39-53. doi: 10.3378/027.083.0103. PMID: 21453003.
- ↑ a b Karafet, T., Mendez, F., Sudoyo, H. et al. Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia. Eur J Hum Genet 23, 369–373 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2014.106
- ↑ Rootsi, S., Zhivotovsky, L., Baldovič, M. et al. A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 15, 204–211 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748
- ↑ P Y-full tree YTree v9.01.00 2021 YFull™
- ↑ Haplogroup P-BY49600 2021 Genetic Homeland LLC
- ↑ Y-DNA Haplogroup Q and its Subclades - 2019 ISOGG
- ↑ Q Y-full tree YTree v9.01.00 2021 YFull™
- ↑ Underhill, Peter A et al. “The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a.” European journal of human genetics: EJHG vol. 23,1 (2015): 124-31. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50
- ↑ Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades - 2019-2020 ISOGG 2020
- ↑ Myres, N., Rootsi, S., Lin, A. et al. A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 19, 95–101 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.146
- ↑ MarcHaber et al. Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations The American Journal of Human Genetics. Volume 99, Issue 6, (2016), Pages 1316-1324
Licenciamento
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- De acordo com as seguintes condições:
- atribuição – Tem de fazer a devida atribuição da autoria, fornecer uma hiperligação para a licença e indicar se foram feitas alterações. Pode fazê-lo de qualquer forma razoável, mas não de forma a sugerir que o licenciador o apoia ou subscreve o seu uso da obra.
- partilha nos termos da mesma licença – Se remisturar, transformar ou ampliar o conteúdo, tem de distribuir as suas contribuições com a mesma licença ou uma licença compatível com a original.
Histórico do ficheiro
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| Data e hora | Miniatura | Dimensões | Utilizador | Comentário | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| atual | 16h23min de 21 de março de 2021 | | 1 482 × 712 (88 kB) | Maulucioni | Adding O subclades |
| 17h31min de 20 de março de 2021 |  | 1 482 × 712 (85 kB) | Maulucioni | Uploaded own work with UploadWizard |
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As seguintes wikis usam este ficheiro:
- ar.wikipedia.org
- ca.wikipedia.org
- de.wikipedia.org
- en.wikipedia.org
- es.wikipedia.org
- it.wikipedia.org
- mk.wikipedia.org
- zh.wikipedia.org
