Libanização

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

Libanização é um termo político pejorativo que significa o processo de degeneração de um país em uma guerra civil ou um estado falido, usado pela primeira vez pelo presidente israelense Shimon Peres em 1983, referindo-se à minimização da presença de Israel no Líbano na sequência da invasão israelense do Líbano de 1982. É comparável à balcanização, mas ocorre sem secessão, dentro das fronteiras de um país.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

O termo faz referência aos anos da Guerra Civil Libanesa (1975-1990), quando para além da existência de um governo central muito débil, mas que apresentava alguns sinais de vitalidade, as milícias dos diferentes partidos libaneses tinham o controle efetivo de diversas regiões do país, atribuindo a representação da população e a manutenção de uma relativa "ordem".[1][6]

Referências

  1. a b Safire, William (21 de Abril de 1991). «On Language; Izationization (Published 1991)». The New York Times 
  2. «Beijing threatens to 'Lebanonize' Taiwan EJINSIGHT - ejinsight.com». EJINSIGHT. However, the Israeli withdrawal was followed by a permanent state of civil war among the religious, ethnic and political factions in Lebanon. As a result, Lebanonization took on a more negative meaning and became a phrase to describe a failed state that keeps struggling with religious and other disputes. 
  3. Gold, David L. (2002). «Offspring of the English Verb Babelize (With Remarks on French, Hebrew, and Spanish)». Neophilologus. 86 (3): 455–466. doi:10.1023/A:1015680313631. In allusion to the protracted and bitter civil war in Lebanon, fear of Lebanisation on the northwest border of Pakistan is mentioned in the Manchester Guardian Weekly of 5 January 1986, p. 6; Norman Podhoretz warned of a Lebanization of Palestine, if such a state came into existence, in The New York Times of 3 September 1993, p. A9; the Lebanonization of Yugoslavia is mentioned in The New York Times of 1 November 1987, p. 14; Mapam, an Israeli political party, has warned of the possible Lebanonization of Israel; “‘Lebanonization’ is the term both Israelis and Palestinians are using for what seems to be a shift toward low-level guerrilla warfare [. . .]” (John Kifner, “Tale of Two Uprisings: This Time, the Palestinians Have Territory, and Guns,” The New York Times, 18 November 2000, p. A6). 
  4. Bordenkircher, Eric (2020). «"Lebanonization": Framing Policy for the Puzzles of the Middle East». Middle East Policy. 27 (1): 41–55. doi:10.1111/mepo.12473 
  5. Setrakian, Lara. «Beirut in Baghdad: Is the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq complete?». Foreign Policy 
  6. a b Bresnahan, John. «Crocker: Iran is pushing for the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq». POLITICO (em inglês) 
  7. Rezaei, Farhad (2018). «Iran and Iraq: The Lebanonization Project in the Balance». Iran’s Foreign Policy After the Nuclear Agreement: Politics of Normalizers and Traditionalists (em inglês). [S.l.]: Springer International Publishing. pp. 113–140. ISBN 978-3-319-76789-5 
  8. Rosenfeld, Stephen S. (26 de Abril de 1991). «WORSE THAN BEING LEBANONIZED». Washington Post 
  9. Rabil, Robert G. (2011). «The Islamists and the Political System: Al-Infitah and Lebanonization». Religion, National Identity, and Confessional Politics in Lebanon: The Challenge of Islamism (em inglês). [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 59–81. ISBN 978-0-230-33925-5 
  10. Upadhyay, P. K. (2009). «Islamization versus Talibanization: Is Pakistan Drifting Towards 'Lebanonization'?». Strategic Analysis. 33 (6): 805–808. doi:10.1080/09700160903255749 
  11. Ranstorp, Magnus (1998). «The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current 'Lebanonization process'». Mediterranean Politics. 3 (1): 103–134. doi:10.1080/13629399808414643 
  12. Barber, Benjamin R. (2000). «Jihad vs. McWorld». Globalization and the Challenges of a New Century: A Reader (em inglês). [S.l.]: Indiana University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-253-02818-1. The first is a retribalization of large swaths of humankind by war and bloodshed: a threatened Lebanonization of national states in which culture is pitted against culture, people against people, tribe against tribe —a Jihad in the name of a hundred narrowly conceived faiths …