Usuária:Domusaurea/Oficina de edição Antiguidade Clássica 2016 2/Naufrágio de Uluburun

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O Naufrágio de Uluburun é um naufrágio datado do final da Era do Bronze, por volta do século 14 a.C.,(Pulak, 2005 p.34) e descoberto próximo à costa leste de Uluburun, a 9,5km ao sul de Kaş, no sudoeste da Turquia.(Pulak, 1998 p.188) O naufrágio foi descoberto no verão de 1982 por Mehmed Çakir, um mergulhador local coletor de esponjas de Yalıkavak, uma vila próxima a Bodrum.

Foram feitas onze campanhas consecutivas de três a quatro meses de duração entre 1984 a 1994, no total de 22,413 mergulhos, para revelar uma das coleções mais espetaculares do final da Era do Bronze que emergiram do mar Mediterrâneo.(Pulak, 1998 p.188)

Descoberta

The shipwreck site was discovered in the summer of 1982 due to Mehmet Çakir’s sketching of “the metal biscuits with ears” recognized as oxhide ingots. Turkish sponge divers were often consulted by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology's (INA) survey team on how to identify ancient wrecks while diving for sponges.[1] Çakir’s findings urged Oğuz Alpözen, Director of the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology, to send out an inspection team of the Museum and INA archaeologists to locate the wreck site. The inspection team was able to locate several amounts of copper ingots just 50 metres from the shore of Uluburun.[2]

Rota presumida With the evidence provided from the cargo on the ship it can be assumed that the ship set sail from either a Cypriot or Syro-Palestinian port. The Uluburun ship was undoubtedly sailing to the region west of Cyprus, but her ultimate destination can be concluded only from the distribution of objects matching the types carried on board.[3] It has been proposed that ship’s destination was a port somewhere in the Aegean Sea.[4] Rhodes, at the time an important redistribution centre for the Aegean, has been suggested as a possible destination.[5] According to the excavators of the shipwreck, the probable final destination of the ship was one of the Mycenaean palaces, in mainland Greece.[6]

Datação Peter Kuniholm of Cornell University was assigned the task of dendrochronological dating in order to obtain an absolute date for the ship. The results date the wood at 1305 BC, but given that no bark has survived it is impossible to determine an exact date and it can be assumed that the ship sank sometime after that date.[7] Based on ceramic evidence, it appears that the Uluburun sank toward the end of the Amarna period, but could not have sunk before the time of Nefertiti due to the unique gold scarab engraved with her name found aboard the ship.[8] For now, a conclusion that the ship sank at the end of the 14th century BC is accepted.

The origins of the objects aboard the ship range geographically from northern Europe to Africa, as far west as Sicily and Sardinia, and as far east as Mesopotamia. They appear to be the products of nine or ten cultures.[5] These proveniences indicate that the Late Bronze Age Aegean was the medium of an international trade perhaps based on royal gift-giving in the Near East.[9]

According to a reconstruction by various scholars, the Uluburun shipwreck illustrates a thriving commercial sea network of the Late Bronze Age Mediterranean. In this case, a huge mixed cargo of luxury items, royal gifts and raw materials. According to the findings, it has been suggested that Mycenaean officials were also aboard accompanying the gifts.[10]

O navio

Lifesize replica at the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology.

The distribution of the wreckage and the scattered cargo indicates that the ship was between 15 and 16 meters long. It was constructed by the shell-first method, with mortise-and-tenon joints similar to those of the Graeco-Roman ships of later centuries.[11]

Even though there has been a detailed examination of Uluburun’s hull, there is no evidence of framing. The keel appears to be rudimentary, perhaps more of a keel-plank than a keel in the traditional sense. The ship was built with planks and keel of Lebanese cedar and oak tenons.[12] Lebanese cedar is indigenous to the mountains of Lebanon, southern Turkey, and central Cyprus.[13] The ship carried 24 stone anchors. The stone is of a type almost completely unknown in the Aegean, but is often built into the temples of Syria-Palestine and on Cyprus. Brushwood and sticks served as dunnage to help protect the ship’s planks from the metal ingots and other heavy cargo.[8]


Referências

  1. ↑ Bass, 1986 p.269
  2. ↑ Bass, 1986 pp.269–270.
  3. ↑ Pulak, 1988 p.36
  4. ↑ Richard, Suzanne (2003). Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader. [S.l.]: Eisenbrauns. p. 136. ISBN 1575060833 
  5. ↑ a b Pulak, 2005 p.47
  6. ↑ Tartaron, Thomas (2013). Maritime Networks in the Mycenaean World. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9781107002982 
  7. ↑ Pulak, 1998 p.214
  8. ↑ a b Pulak, 2005 p.46
  9. ↑ Pulak, 1998 p.220
  10. ↑ Demand, Nancy H. (2011). The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. [S.l.]: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444342345 
  11. ↑ Pulak, 1998 p.210.
  12. ↑ Pulak, 1998 p. 213
  13. ↑ Pulak, 2005 p.43

Bibliografia

  • Bass, George F (1986). «A Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun (Kas): 1984 Campaign». American Journal of Archaeology. 90 (3): 269–296. doi:10.2307/505687 
  • Pulak, Cemal. "Discovering a Royal Ship from the Age of King Tut: Uluburun, Turkey". In Beneath the Seven Seas, edited by George F. Bass, 34–47. New York, Thames & Hudson Inc., 2005.
  • Pulak, Cemal (1988). «The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun, Turkey: 1985 Campaign». American Journal of Archaeology. 92 (1): 1–37. doi:10.2307/505868 
  • Pulak, Cemal (1998). «The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview». The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 27 (3): 188–224. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x 
  • Bass, George F. (dezembro de 1987). «Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Splendors of the Bronze Age». National Geographic. 172 (6). pp. 692–733. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454 
  • Bass, George F.; et al. (1989). «The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign». American Journal of Archaeology. 93 (1): 1–29 
  • Fawcett, N.; Zietsman, J.C. (2001). «Uluburun - the discovery and excavation of the world's oldest known shipwreck». Akroterion. 46: 5–20. doi:10.7445/46-0-116 
  • Mumford, Gregory D. "Mediterranean Area". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford. Oxford University Press, Inc. 2001, 2005.
  • Nicholson, Paul T.; Jackson, Caroline M.; Trott, Katherine M. (1997). «The Ulu Burun Glass Ingots, Cylindrical Vessels and Egyptian Glass». Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 83: 143–153. doi:10.2307/3822462 
  • Payton, Robert (1991). «The Ulu Burun Writing-Board Set». Anatolian Studies. 41: 99–106. doi:10.2307/3642932 
  • Ward, Cheryl (2003). «Pomegranates in Eastern Mediterranean Contexts during the Late Bronze Age». World Archaeology. 34 (3): 529–541. doi:10.1080/0043824021000026495 

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