Usuário(a):Amanda Lina/Testes/Wikipédia:Japonismo

First described by French art critic and collector, Philippe Burty in 1872, Japonism, from the French Japonisme, is the study of Japanese art and artistic talent.[1] Japonism affected fine arts, sculpture, architecture, performing arts and decorative arts throughout Western culture.[1] The term is used particularly to refer to Japanese influence on European art, especially in impressionism.[2] From the 1860s, ukiyo-e, Japanese woodblock prints, became a source of inspiration for many Western artists.[3] Ukiyo-e began as a Japanese painting school developed in the 17th century.[4] Ukiyo-e woodblock prints were created to fit a demand for inexpensive, souvenir images.[3] Although the prints were inexpensive, they were innovative and technical which gave each one value.[5] These prints were rarely created with a single patron in mind, rather they were created for the commercial market in Japan.[3] Although a percentage of prints were brought to the West through Dutch trade merchants, it was not until the 1860s when ukiyo-e prints gained popularity in Europe.[3] Western artists were intrigued by the original use of color and composition. Ukiyo-e prints featured dramatic foreshortening and asymmetrical compositions.[6]

During the Edo period (1639-1858), Japan was in a period of seclusion and only one International port remained active.[7] Tokugawa Iemitsu, ordered that an island, Deshima, be built off the shores of Nagasaki from which Japan could receive imports.[7] The Dutch were the only country able to engage in trade with the Japanese, however, this small amount of contact still allowed for Japanese art to influence the West.[8] Every year the Dutch arrived in Japan with fleets of ships filled with Western goods for trade.[9] In the cargoes arrived many Dutch treatises on painting and a number of Dutch prints.[9] Shiba Kōkan (1747-1818) was one of the notable Japanese artists that studied the Dutch imports.[9] Kōkan created one of the first etchings in Japan which was a technique he had learned from one of the imported treatises.[9] Kōkan would combine the technique of linear perspective, which he learned from a treatise, with his own ukiyo-e styled paintings.

Japonismo foi primeiro descrito pelo critico de arte francês e colecionador Philippe Burty, em 1872, como o estudo da arte e do talento artístico japonês. Japonismo afetou as belas artes, a escultura, a arquitetura, as artes cênicas e as artes decorativas através da cultura ocidental. O termo é usado particularmente para se referir à influencia japonesa na arte europeia, especialmente no impressionismo.

Ukiyo-e

A partir da década de 1860, ukiyo-e, um tipo de xilografia japonesa, se tornou uma fonte de inspiração para muitos artistas ocidentais. Ukiyo-e começou como uma escola de pintura japonesa desenvolvida no século XVII. A xilogravura Ukiyo-e foi criada para satisfazer uma demanda por imagens que serviriam como lembrancinhas baratas. Apesar de baratas, as gravuras eram inovadoras, e a necessidade do uso de técnicas na sua produção dava um valor único a cada uma. Essas gravuras eram raramente criadas com um único cliente em mente, mas sim para o mercado comercial do Japão. Apesar de uma porcentagem das gravuras terem sido trazidas para o Ocidente através comerciantes holandeses, foi somente na década de 1860 que as gravuras ukiyo-e ganharam popularidade na Europa. Artistas ocidentais estavam intrigados pelo uso original de cor e de composição. Gravuras Ukio-e apresentavam escorvamentos dramáticos e composições assimétricas.