Usuário:Eduardo P/Blecaute da Wikipédia anglófona em 2012

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Imagem de tela capturada de página da Wikipédia em inglês durante o apagão de 18 de janeiro.

O blecaute da Wikipédia anglófona de 2012 foi um evento que durou 24 horas, entre os dias 18 e 19 de janeiro de 2012. No lugar dos artigos, o sítio mostrou apenas uma mensagem de oposição ao Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) e ao PROTECT IP Act (PIPA), que compõem uma proposta de lei em discussão no Congresso dos Estados Unidos.

Em 16 de janeiro, o apagão foi anunciado pelo fundador da Wikimedia, Jimmy Wales, e pela diretora executiva da Wikimedia, Sue Gardner, após consulta à comunidade de editores que durou 72 horas. A consulta geral foi precedida de diversas discussões em fóruns de discussão menores da Wikipédia. A data foi escolhida para coincidir com ações similares de outros sítios, como Reddit, e durou 24 horas, com início às cinco horas (UTC) de 18 de janeiro.[1]

Background[editar | editar código-fonte]

Ver artigos principais: PROTECT IP Act e Stop Online Piracy Act

The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) are bills that were introduced into the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate in the last quarter of 2011. The two bills, though different means, are designed to provide legal mechanisms for copyright holders, such as music and movie studios, to combat digital piracy that occurs on non-United States websites. Both bills are extensions of the earlier Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) that enabled content producers to issue "take down" notices to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and websites to remove infringing content. While the DMCA has been considered effective for patrolling of websites within the United States, the DMCA fails to address infringement from foreign websites.[2] Part of the language of the bills when originally proposed would allow for copyright owners to issue complaints to ISPs and other major websites, like Google or Bing, requiring them to remove the hostnames of infringing sites from their Domain name registry (DNS) and to delist entries in search engines to these sites.

Many of the companies and organizations supporting the proposed legislation are content producers, such as the Motion Picture Association of America, the Recording Industry Association of America and the Entertainment Software Association, and identified the need to have such laws to combat revenue losses associated with the copyright infringement from these foreign websites. However, some lawmakers and many technology and Internet firms and associations have expressed concerns that two bills' languages are too broad, and the concept of domain name blocking and search engine removal would amount to censorship of the Internet. A common criticism of the bill addresses broad and unclear language, such as what entails "deliberate actions to avoid confirming a high probability" for a website. Google's policy director, Bob Boorstin, stated that a site like YouTube supporting user-generated content "would just go dark immediately" to comply with the legislation.[2]

In December 2011, SOPA was brought to the U.S. House Judiciary Committee to begin the process of marking up the bill prior to introduction to the House floor.[3] During this time, numerous websites began displaying banners and messages promoting their readerships to contact Congress to stop the progress of the bill, stating that their sites would be "blacked out" should the bill pass as a law. The markup session, in which several proposed amendments to address the concerns of technology companies were defeated, was eventually put on hold prior to the end of the year, to be restarted once Congress came back in session. Several technology websites began proposing the idea of an "Internet blackout" on the same day to protest SOPA and PIPA to occur before SOPA would be voted on on the House floor as a means of further protest.[4] Reddit was the first major site to announce an "Internet blackout" on 18 January 2012, and several other sites shortly followed, coordinating actions on that day.[5] Though Senator Patrick Leahy, the main sponsor for SOPA, had stated that they would remove the controversial DNS provisions prior to the blackout date, sites continued to plan to continue with the demonstration.[6]

In January 2012, in response to concerns over PIPA and SOPA, the White House stated that it "will not support legislation that reduces freedom of expression, increases cybersecurity risk, or undermines the dynamic, innovative global internet."[7]

English Wikipedia's response[editar | editar código-fonte]

Sue Gardner at the Wikimedia Foundation discussing the English Wikipedia Blackout of SOPA on the evening of 17 January 2012

In line with the initial voices to stage an Internet blackout in December 2011, Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales called for a "public uprising" against the proposed legislation, which critics fear would threaten free speech.[8]

An initial discussion about whether this made sense was held on Wales's talk page on the English Wikipedia, before being moved to its own project page, where the means of how the blackout would be implemented was discussed, such as whether to restrict the blackout to United States users based on geolocation, or whether to simply have a single black page presented to the user prior to passing through to the site's content. Eventually, the discussion led to the choice of enacting a 24 hour blackout of the site on 18 January, disabling normal reading and editing functions. A vote taken of about 1,800 editors favored the action.[9] The blocking action was purposely not complete–users could access Wikipedia content from the mobile interface or mirror sites, or if they disabled Javascript or other web browser functions.[10] Other Wikimedia projects were free to stage their own protest with the Foundation's support for any technical implementations. The German and Italian Wikipedia projects, and the Wikimedia Commons project voted to include banner images to support the blackout actions.[9]

Wikimedia Executive Director Sue Gardner posted an announcement of the Foundation's support for the blackout proposal on Wikimedia's blog. The post received over 7000 responses from the general public within the first 24 hours of its posting.[11]

Despite the majority support of those polled for the action, some Wikipedia editors blacked out their own user profile pages or resigned their administrative positions in protest of the protest; one veteran editor stated his "main concern is that it puts the organization in the role of advocacy, and that's a slippery slope".[12]

Coordination of the 18 January action[editar | editar código-fonte]

Although there were no plans to block any mobile version of Wikipedia,[13] German Wikipedia, Portuguese Wikipedia, Russian Wikipedia, Bulgarian Wikipedia, Ukrainian Wikipedia, Vietnamese Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons were expected to run banners on 18 January, without a full blackout. Other sites indicating an intention to run banners included Google[14] and TV Tropes, while websites planning a full blackout of at least several hours duration included Craigslist, Reddit, Boing Boing, A Softer World, Cake Wrecks, Destructoid, dotSUB, Free Press, Good.is, Good Old Games, little-apps.org, Mojang, MoveOn.org, Mozilla, Tucows CallAvoiders.com and TwitPic, as well as a number of other sites.[15] 4chan ran a banner and also "censored" posts by users on all image boards.[16]

Reaction[editar | editar código-fonte]

Pre-blackout[editar | editar código-fonte]

The announcement of the blackout was reported worldwide. Media that covered the story included ABC Australia,[17] CBC,[18] BBC,[19] der Spiegel,[20] Le Figaro,[21] Le Monde,[22] Fox News,[23] The Guardian,[24] Menafn,[25] News Limited,[26] Sky News,[27] The Age,[28] The Hindu,[29] The New York Times,[30][31] The Washington Post,[32] The Wall Street Journal[33] and The Times of India. [34]

Several media organizations including The Washington Post, The Guardian, and NPR encouraged a "crowdsourcing solution for those left searching for answers" during the Wikipedia blackout by inviting users to ask questions on Twitter using the hashtag #altwiki.[35]

A Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) executive dubbed the blackout plan an example of the "gimmicks and distortion" that inflamed passions while failing to solve the problem of copyright infringement by "draw[ing] people away from trying to resolve what is a real problem, which is that foreigners continue to steal the hard work of Americans".[36] Former U.S. Senator and MPAA Director Chris Dodd stated that the coordinated shutdown was "also an abuse of power given the freedoms these companies enjoy in the marketplace today."[37]

Dick Costolo, CEO of social networking site Twitter, rejected calls for Twitter to join the protest saying "[c]losing a global business in reaction to single-issue national politics is foolish."[38] He later clarified he was referring to a blackout of Twitter and is supportive of the Wikipedia blackout.[39]

The sponsor of the bill, Representative Lamar S. Smith, called the blackout a "publicity stunt," stating "it is ironic a website dedicated to providing information is spreading misinformation about the Stop Online Piracy Act."[40]

During the blackout[editar | editar código-fonte]

The Wikimedia Foundation reported that over 162 million people had visited the blacked-out version of Wikipedia during the 24-hour period, at least 4 million of whom used the site's front page to look up contact information for their U.S. Congressional representatives.[41] The usage of Wikipedia's front page increased enormously during the blackout with 17,535,733 page views recorded, compared with 4,873,388 on the previous day.[42] A petition created and linked to by Google recorded over 4.5 million signatures, while the Electronic Frontier Foundation reported that more than 1 million email messages were sent to congressmen through their site during the blackout.[43]

During the day of 18 January, six senators who had been sponsors of the bills, including Marco Rubio, PIPA's co-sponsor, Orrin Hatch, Kelly Ayotte, Roy Blunt, John Boozman, and Mark Kirk, stated that they would withdraw their support for the bills.[44] Several other congressmen issued statements critical of the current versions of both bills.[45][46]

Post-blackout[editar | editar código-fonte]

The impact of the coordinated action was generally considered significant. Yochai Benkler of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society stated that the 18 January blackout was "a very strong public demonstration to suggest that what historically was seen as a technical system of rules that only influences the content industry has become something more," further adding "You've got millions of citizens who care enough to act. That's not trivial."[47] California House member Darrell Issa called the collective effort an unprecedented means for upsetting a backroom lobbying effort.[48] One Silicon Valley lobbyist said the content industry had "a lot to learn," noting that they don't have grassroots support: "There are no Facebook pages to call your congressman to support PIPA and SOPA."[49]

Newspaper editorials had mixed views. The Boston Herald called the protest a "hissy fit" by "Internet powerhouses" saying, "within hours of the online protest, political supporters of the bill... began dropping like flies, thus proving how very powerful these cyber-bullies can be."[50] The New York Times described the protest as "Noted, but as a Brief Inconvenience"[51] and, as well, offered an Opinion about the protest and possible accomplishments.[52] BBC News technology writer Rory Cellan-Jones was of the opinion that the blackout achieved its objectives but possibly at some cost to Wikipedia's reputation.[53] The shutdown also prompted a cartoon response from Matt (Matthew Pritchett) in the British Daily Telegraph.[54]

See also[editar | editar código-fonte]

References[editar | editar código-fonte]

  1. ↑ «Websites blackout in SOPA anti-piracy protest». News.com.au. 19 de janeiro 2012. Consultado em 19 de janeiro 2012 
  2. ↑ a b Pepitone, Julianne (17 January 2012). «SOPA explained: What it is and why it matters». CNNMoney. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  3. ↑ Gross, Grant (12 December 2011). «House Panel to Move Forward on Stop Online Piracy Act». PC World. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  4. ↑ Guy, Hugo (30 December 2011). «Top web firms set to impose a blackout in protest against 'Big Brother' online piracy bill». Daily Mail. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  5. ↑ Cheredar, Tom (10 January 2012). «Reddit goes black Jan. 18 to protest SOPA & PIPA — Who else will join?». Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  6. ↑ Kravets, David (12 January 2012). «Leahy Offers to Remove Net-Altering DNS Redirects in Anti-Piracy Bill». Wired. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  7. ↑ «Rupert Murdoch Sopa attack rebuffed by Google». BBC News. 16 January 2012. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  8. ↑ Taylor, Jerome (17 January 2012). «Why I want to bring down the internet – for a day». The Independent. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  9. ↑ a b Sutter, John (17 January 2012). «Why Wikipedia is going down at midnight». CNN. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  10. ↑ Anthony, Sebastian (18 January 2012). «Surviving the Wikipedia blackout: Mirrors, caches, alternatives, apps, and more». ExtremeTech. Consultado em 18 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  11. ↑ Wikipedia’s community calls for anti-SOPA blackout 18 January Wikimedia Foundation Accessed: 17 January 2012
  12. ↑ Svensson, Peter (17 January 2012). «Wikipedia Editors Question Site's Planned Blackout». Associated Press. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  13. ↑ Emily Steel (17 January 2012), Need Wikipedia Wednesday? Here’s How to Access It The Wall Street Journal Technology Blog
  14. ↑ Sandoval, Greg; McCullagh, Declan (17 January 2012). «Google plans to use home page to protest SOPA». CNet. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  15. ↑ «Web Goes On Strike». Sopastrike. Consultado em 17 January 2011  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  16. ↑ «A Gallery Of The SOPA Blackout Protest Screens». Consultado em January 19, 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  17. ↑ «Wikipedia to go dark in piracy protest». ABC Australia. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  18. ↑ «Wikipedia to go dark tonight protesting anti-piracy act». CBC. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  19. ↑ «Wikipedia joins web blackout in Sopa Act protest». BBC. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  20. ↑ «Wikipedia schaltet ab - aus Protest». spiegel.de. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  21. ↑ «Google se voile de noir pour protester contre la loi SOPA» (em French). Le Figaro. 17 January 2012. Consultado em 19 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  22. ↑ «Loi antipiratage : Wikipedia va fermer pendant 24 heures». lemonde.fr. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  23. ↑ «Wikipedia to go Dark 24 Hours». Fox News. 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  24. ↑ Sweney, Mark (17 January 2012). «Wikipedia's blackout looms». The Guardian. Consultado em 19 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  25. ↑ «Wikipedia to shut down in censorship row». Menafn.com. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  26. ↑ «Wikipedia will black out for a whole day.... Oh, the horror». News Limited. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  27. ↑ «Wikipedia Blackout In Anti-Piracy Law Protest». Sky News. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  28. ↑ Wilkins, Georgia. «Anti-piracy protest triggers Wikipedia shutdown». The Age. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  29. ↑ «Wikipedia to go dark against U.S. anti-piracy bill». The Hindu. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  30. ↑ Wortham, Jenna. «Wikipedia to Go Dark on Wednesday to Protest Bills on Web Piracy». The New York Times. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  31. ↑ Wortham, Jenna (17 January 2012). «Protest on Web Uses Shutdown to Take On Two Piracy Bills». NYTimes. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  32. ↑ Bell, Melissa. «Wikipedia blackout coming Jan. 18, says co-founder Jimmy Wales». The Washington Post. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  33. ↑ «Wikipedia Plans Blackout Over Piracy Bill - WSJ.com». The Wall Street Journal. New York: Dow Jones. 17 January 2012. ISSN 0099-9660. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  34. ↑ Wikipedia to shut down for 24 hours - The Times of India
  35. ↑ David Beard (17 January 2012), Wikipedia Blackout: An #altwiki Band-Aid The Washington Post
  36. ↑ James Rainey, (16 January 2012) Wikipedia to go offline to protest anti-piracy legislation The Los Angeles Times
  37. ↑ MPAA's Chris Dodd takes aim at SOPA strike The Los Angeles Times 17 January 2012
  38. ↑ Rushe, Dominic (17 January 2012). «Twitter boss slams Wikipedia's 'silly' Sopa protest». The Guardian. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  39. ↑ Wikipedia's blackout looms | Technology | The Guardian
  40. ↑ Sasso, Brendan (17 January 2012). «Sponsor of online piracy bill calls Wikipedia blackout a 'publicity stunt'». The Hill. Consultado em 17 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  41. ↑ Wortham, Jenna (18 January 2012). «With Twitter, Blackouts and Demonstrations, Web Flexes Its Muscle». New York Times. Consultado em 18 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  42. ↑ «Wikipedia article traffic statistics». stats.grok.se. 19 January 2012. Consultado em 19 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  43. ↑ McSherry, Corynne; Samuels, Julie (18 January 2012). «Thank You, Internet! And the Fight Continues». Electronic Frontier Foundation. Consultado em 18 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  44. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (18 January 2012). «Amidst SOPA Blackout, Senate Copyright Bill Loses Key Supporters». Forbes. Consultado em 18 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  45. ↑ McCullagh, Declan; Mills, Elinor (18 January 2012). «Protests lead to weakening support for Protect IP, SOPA». CNet. Consultado em 18 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  46. ↑ «Sopa: US backers end support for anti-piracy bill». BBC News Online. Consultado em 19 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  47. ↑ «Internet's dark day: Anti-piracy bills take a beating». Seattle Times. 18 January 2012. Consultado em 18 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  48. ↑ Engleman, Eric (18 January 2012). «Google Protest of Anti-Piracy Bills Upends Traditional Lobbying». Bloomberg L.P. Consultado em 18 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  49. ↑ Palmer, Anna; Allen, Jonathan (18 January 2012). «SOPA: Libertarians, tech titans poke old-school GOPers». Politico. Consultado em 18 January 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  50. ↑ "A halt to online theft" Boston Herald 18 January 2012
  51. ↑ Cohen, Noam (January 18, 2012). «Wikipedia Absence Is Noted, but as a Brief Inconvenience». NYTimes. Consultado em January 19, 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  52. ↑ NYTimes Staff (January 18, 2012). «Online Piracy and Political Overreach». NYTimes. Consultado em January 19, 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  53. ↑ Rory Cellan-Jones (19 January 2012), "Wikipedia - after the blackout" BBC News
  54. ↑ Matt cartoon, Daily Telegraph 19 January 2012, accessed 19 January 2012

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