Usuário(a):Justin One

Part of the conjugation of the Spanish verb correr, "to run", the lexeme is "corr-". Red represents the speaker, purple the addressee and teal a third person. One person represents the singular number and two, the plural number. Dawn represents the past, noon the present and night the future. In linguistics, conjugation (/ˌkɒndʒʊˈɡeɪʃən/[1][2]) is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (alteration of form according to rules of grammar). Conjugation may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, voice, and other grammatical categories such as possession, definiteness, politeness, causativity, clusivity, interrogativity, transitivity, valency, polarity, telicity, volition, mirativity, evidentiality, animacy, associativity,[3] pluractionality, agreement, polypersonal agreement, incorporation, noun class, noun classifiers, and verb classifiers[4] in some languages. Agglutinative and polysynthetic languages tend to have the most complex conjugations albeit some fusional languages such as Archi can also have extremely complex conjugation. Typically the principal parts are the root and/or several modifications of it (stems). All the different forms of the same verb constitute a lexeme, and the canonical form of the verb that is conventionally used to represent that lexeme (as seen in dictionary entries) is called a lemma.

The term conjugation is applied only to the inflection of verbs, and not of other parts of speech (inflection of nouns and adjectives is known as declension). Also it is often restricted to denoting the formation of finite forms of a verb – these may be referred to as conjugated forms, as opposed to non-finite forms, such as the infinitive or gerund, which tend not to be marked for most of the grammatical categories.

Conjugation is also the traditional name for a group of verbs that share a similar conjugation pattern in a particular language (a verb class). For example, Latin is said to have four conjugations of verbs. This means that any regular Latin verb can be conjugated in any person, number, tense, mood, and voice by knowing which of the four conjugation groups it belongs to, and its principal parts. A verb that does not follow all of the standard conjugation patterns of the language is said to be an irregular verb. The system of all conjugated variants of a particular verb or class of verbs is called a verb paradigm; this may be presented in the form of a conjugation table.

Examples Edit

Indo-European languages usually inflect verbs for several grammatical categories in complex paradigms, although some, like English, have simplified verb conjugation to a large extent. Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense (of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods), in English, German, Yiddish, Dutch, Afrikaans, Icelandic, Faroese, Swedish, Norwegian, Latvian, Bulgarian, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Polish, Slovenian, Macedonian, Urdu or Hindi, Persian, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Albanian, Armenian, Irish, Ukrainian, Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek. This is usually the most irregular verb. The similarities in corresponding verb forms may be noticed. Some of the conjugations may be disused, like the English thou-form, or have additional meanings, like the English you-form, which can also stand for second person singular or be impersonal.

"To be" in several Indo-European languages Branch Language Present infinitive Present indicative Singular persons Plural persons 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd Germanic English be am are art1 be'st1 is are German sein bin bist ist sind seid sind Yiddish transliterated זיין zein בין bim ביסט bist איז iz זענען zenen זענט zent זענען zenen Dutch zijn ben bent zijt2 is zijn Afrikaans wees is Icelandic vera er ert er erum eruð eru Faroese vera eri ert er eru Norwegian være3 vera4 vere4 er Danish være er Swedish vara är Italic Latin esse sum es est sumus estis sunt Italian essere sono sei è siamo siete sono French être suis es est sommes êtes sont Catalan ésser sóc ets és som sou són Spanish ser soy eres es somos sois son Galician ser son es é somos sodes son Portuguese ser sou és é somos sois são Friulian jessi soi sês è sin sês son Romanian a fi sunt ești este suntem sunteți sunt Celtic Irish bheith bím bíonn bíonn bímid bíonn bíonn Welsh (standard form) bod rydw rwyt mae rydych rydyn maen Greek Ancient5 transliterated εἶναι eînai εἰμί eimí εἶ eî ἐστί estí ἐσμέν esmén ἐστέ esté εἰσί eisí Modern transliterated none6 είμαι eímai είσαι eísai είναι eínai είμαστε eímaste είσ(ασ)τε eís(as)te είναι eínai Albanian me qenë jam je është jemi jeni janë Armenian Western transliterated ըլլալ ĕllal Եմ em ես es է ē ենք enk‘ էք ēk‘ են en Eastern transliterated լինել linel Եմ em ես es է ē ենք enk‘ եք ek‘ են en Slavic Czech být jsem jsi je jsme jste jsou Slovak byť som si je sme ste sú Polish być jestem jesteś jest jesteśmy jesteście są Russian transliterated быть byt есть yest' Ukrainian transliterated бути buty є ye Serbian strong transliterated бити biti јесам jesam јеси jesi јест(е) jest(e) јесмо jesmo јесте jeste јесу jesu Serbian clitic transliterated none сам sam си si је je смо smo сте ste су su Croatian strong biti jesam jesi jest jesmo jeste jesu Croatian clitic none sam si je smo ste su Slovenian biti sem si je smo ste so Bulgarian transliterated none съм săm си si е e сме sme сте ste са să Macedonian transliterated none сум sum си si е e сме sme сте ste се se Baltic Latvian būt esmu esi ir esam esat ir Lithuanian būti esu esi yra esame esate yra Indo-Iranian Persian transliterated بودن budan ام æm ای ei (است (ا æst (æ)9 ایم eem (اید (این eed (spoken: een) (اند (ان and (spoken: an) Sanskrit transliterated अस्ति asti अस्मि asmi असि asi अस्ति asti स्मः smah स्थ stha सन्ति santi Hindustani Devanagari Script Perso-Arabic Script transliterated होना ہونا hona हूँ ہوں hū̃ है ہیں hai है ہے hai हैं ہیں hãĩ हो ہو ho हैं ہیں hãĩ Marathi transliterated असणे asṇe आहे āhe आहेस āhes आहे āhe आहोत āhot आहात āhāt आहेत āhet Gujarati transliterated હોવું hovũ છું chhũ છે chhe છીએ chhīe છો chho છે chhe 1 Archaic, poetical; used only with the pronoun 'thou'. 2 In Flemish dialects. 3 In the bokmål written standard. 4 In the nynorsk written standard. vera and vere are both alternate forms. 5 Attic. 6 'eínai' is only used as a noun ("being, existence"). 7 Ptc: qenë. 8 In the Tosk and Geg dialects, respectively. 9 Existential: هست (hæst) has another meaning. Usage of (æ) is considered to be rural, now. See, Indo-European copula