Usuário:Eduardo P/Tumultos na Inglaterra em 2011
Between 6 and 11 August 2011, thousands of people rioted in several London boroughs and in cities and towns across England. The resulting chaos generated looting, arson, and mass deployment of police and resulted in the death of five people. Disturbances began on 6 August after a protest in Tottenham, London, following the death of Mark Duggan, a local man who was shot dead by police on 4 August.[1] Several violent clashes with police ensued, along with the destruction of police vehicles, a double-decker bus, and many homes and businesses, thus rapidly gaining attention from the media. Overnight, looting took place in Tottenham Hale retail park and nearby Wood Green. The following days saw similar scenes in other parts of London, with the most rioting taking place in Hackney, Brixton, Walthamstow, Peckham, Enfield, Battersea, Croydon, Ealing, Barking, Woolwich, Lewisham and East Ham.
From 8 to 10 August, other towns and cities in England (including Birmingham, Coventry, Leicester, Derby, Wolverhampton, Nottingham, West Bromwich, Bristol, Liverpool, Manchester, and Salford) saw what was described by the media as "copycat violence". Social media sites including Facebook also featured rumours of further disturbances or details surrounding known disturbances which were later proven to be inaccurate; for instance there were rumours of disturbances in the town of Dudley and at the nearby Merry Hill Shopping Centre, but no incidents in these areas were detected by police. Rumours of a hospital being targeted by rioters in Birmingham were also proven to be wrong, as were rumours of disturbances in the Heath Town district of Wolverhampton, which had witnessed a serious riot more than 20 years earlier.
By 15 August, more than 3,000 arrests had been made across England, with more than 1,000 people issued with criminal charges for various offences related to the riots.[2] Initially, courts sat for extended hours. There were a total of 3,443 crimes across London that were linked to the disorder.[3] Along with the five deaths, at least 16 others were injured[update] as a direct result of related violent acts. An estimated £200 million worth of property damage was incurred, and local economic activity was significantly compromised.
The riots have generated significant ongoing debate among political, social and academic figures about the causes and context in which they happened. Attributions for the rioters' behaviour include structural factors such as racism, classism, and economic decline, as well as cultural factors like criminality, hooliganism, breakdown of social morality, and gang culture.[4][2][5][6]
Police shooting of Mark Duggan
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Ver artigo principal: Morte de Mark DugganOn Thursday 4 August 2011, a police officer shot and killed 29-year-old Mark Duggan during an intelligence-led, targeted vehicle stop procedure on the Ferry Lane bridge next to Tottenham Hale station.[7][8][9][10] The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) said that the planned arrest was part of Operation Trident, which at that time investigated gun crime within the black community.[6] The incident had been referred to the IPCC,[7] which is standard practice if death or serious injury follows police contact.[11]
After the shooting, the media widely reported that a bullet was found embedded in a police radio, implying that Duggan fired on the police.[8] Friends and relatives of Duggan said that he was unarmed. The police later revealed that initial ballistics tests on the bullet recovered from the police radio indicate that it was a "very distinct" police issue hollow-point bullet.[8][12] The IPCC later stated that a loaded Bruni BBM blank-firing pistol, converted to fire live ammunition, was recovered from the scene.[13][14][15] It was wrapped in a sock and there was no evidence that it had been fired.[16]
Em 13 de agosto, a Comissão Independente do Departamento de Queixas da Polícia admitiu que Duggan não abriu fogo, afirmando: "É bem provável que em função de um mal entendido, os jornalistas possam ter afirmado que houve troca de tiros". Acredita-se que a bala que atravessou o corpo de Duggan tenha partido de uma arma policial.[17][18]
No horário do almoço do dia 6 de agosto, 7 horas antes da passeata e do subsequente tumulto (manifestação), foi convocada uma reunião, pela polícia, entre os líderes da comunidade local, conselheiros, e membros de grupos consultivos de policiais. Neste encontro, a polícia foi avisada várias vezes, de que, ali, poderia, possivelmente, ser outra manifestação similar, às que foram vistas em Broadwater Farm, em 1985, se as questões locais em relação à mortes, não forem abordadas.[19][20]
Manifestações
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Uma passeata pacífica no dia 6 de agosto que aconteceu em Tottenham foi seguida de desordem, vandalismo, confrontos e roubos. Primeiro em Tottenham e depois no Centro Varejista e Atacadista da área de Tottenham Hale.[21] A propagação de notícias e boatos sobre distúrbios da noite anterior em Tottenham gerou manifestações durante a noite de 7 de agosto nos distritos de Londres: Brixton, Enfield, Islington e Wood Green e em Oxford Circus, no centro de Londres.[21]
A manhã de 8 de agosto foi tranquila, mas à noite diversas áreas foram afetadas por saques, incêndios e violência no geral, com surtos significativos em partes de Battersea, Brixton, Bromley, Camden, Chingford Mount, Croydon, Ealing, East Ham, Hackney, Harrow, Lewisham, Peckham, Stratford, Waltham Forest, Woolwich e Woodgreen. Um homem foi encontrado baleado, falecendo mais tarde no hospital. Outro homem que tinha sido agredido em Ealing morreu no hospital no dia 11 de agosto. Revoltas similares foram relatadas fora de Londres - notavelmente em Birmingham, Bristol, Gloucester, Gillingham e Nottingham.[21][22]
Após um grande aumento da presença policial, Londres estava tranquila em 9 de agosto, mas as manifestações continuaram em Birmingham (onde, de acordo com os relatos policiais, onze tiros foram disparados contra a polícia, inclusive contra um helicóptero, e coquetéis molotov foram atirados nos policiais)[23][ligação inativa]) e Nottingham e se espalharam para Leicester, West Bromwich e Wolverhampton no Midlands e Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Rochdale, Salford, Wythenshawe, Sefton e Wirral no noroeste da Inglaterra.[21] Em 10 de agosto, Londres ainda estava tranquila enquanto centenas de detenções eram realizadas pela polícia. Três homens foram mortos em Birmingham em um atropelamento seguido de fuga do motorista relacionado aos distúrbios. Os saques e a violência continuavam em duas localidades nos arredores de Manchester e Liverpool.[21]
Referências
- ↑ «Riots in Tottenham after Mark Duggan shooting protest». BBC News. 7 August 2011. Consultado em 30 January 2012 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ a b «England's week of riots». BBC News. 15 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|data=(ajuda) - ↑ «London riots: More than 2,000 people arrested over disorder». 25 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|data=(ajuda) - ↑ «Britain's rioters count cost of unrest as order restored». CNN. 12 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|data=(ajuda) - ↑ Lewis, Paul (7 August 2011). «Tottenham riots: weren't to be violent like they were, then suddenly all hell broke loose». The Guardian. London. Consultado em 7 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ a b «Tottenham in flames as protesters riot». The Guardian. London. 6 August 2011. Consultado em 6 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ a b «Man dead and police officer hurt in Tottenham shooting». BBC News. 5 August 2011. Consultado em 6 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ a b c Sandra Laville; Paul Lewis; Vikram Dodd; Caroline Davies (7 August 2011). «Doubts emerge over Duggan shooting as London burns». The Guardian. Consultado em 7 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ «Mark Duggan shooting: Bullets results 'within 24 hours'». BBC. 8 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|data=(ajuda) - ↑ «Soul searching lies ahead as UK riots cool». MSNBC. Consultado em 11 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=(ajuda) - ↑ «What does the IPCC do?». Independent Police Complaints Commission
- ↑ Gabbatt, Adam (4 August 2011). «London disturbances – Sunday 7 August». The Guardian. UK. Consultado em 9 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ Lewis, Jason (13 August 2011). «The street code of vengeance that sparked the riots». The Daily Telegraph. London. Consultado em 18 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ «'No evidence' that Mark Duggan shot at police, says IPCC». London Evening Standard. 10 August 2011. Consultado em 18 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ «UK RIOTS: MARK DUGGAN 'HAD A LOADED PISTOL'». Daily Express. 10 August 2011. Consultado em 18 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ Jones, Sam; Wells, Matt; Owen, Paul; Quinn, Ben (9 August 2011). «The Independent Police Complaints Commission has just announced that there is no evidence». The Guardian. London. Consultado em 9 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ Mark Duggan não disparou sua arma de fogo contra a polícia The Australian 10 de agosto de 2011
- ↑ Mídia equivocada sobre a morte de Mark Duggan Press TV 13 de agosto de 2011
- ↑ «Tottenham em chamas enquanto tumulto segue protesto». Londres: Canal 4. 19 de agosto de 2011. Consultado em 16 de setembro de 2011
- ↑ Stephenson, Wesley (25 de agosto de 2011). «Polícia de Tottenham 'poderia ter acabado com os tumultos'». Londres: BBC. Consultado em 16 de setembro de 2011
- ↑ a b c d e «England riots: Maps and timeline». BBC News. 11 August 2011. Consultado em 17 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda) - ↑ «Just the job to bring riots to capital?». Scotsman.com. 18 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|data=(ajuda)[ligação inativa] - ↑ «Footage released after shots fired at police in Birmingham disorder». West Midlands Police. 20 August 2011. Consultado em 20 August 2011 Verifique data em:
|acessodata=, |data=(ajuda)