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Essa é uma Cronologia dos eventos que levaram à Guerra Civil Americana é uma lista cronologicamente ordenada de eventos e questões que os historiadores reconhecem como origens e causas da Guerra Civil Americana. Esses eventos são divididos em dois períodos: o primeiro engloba a construção gradual, ao longo de muitas décadas, das numerosas questões sociais, econômicas e políticas que contribuíram para o início da Guerra Civil, e o segundo abrange o período de cinco meses após a eleição de Abraham Lincoln como Presidente dos Estados Unidos em 1860 e culminando na captura de Fort Sumter em abril de 1861.
Os estudiosos identificaram muitas causas diferentes para a guerra. Uma das questões mais polarizantes das quais outras causas próximas se desenvolveram foi se a instituição da escravidão deveria ser mantida e até expandida para outros territórios ou se deveria ser contida e eventualmente abolida. Desde o início do período colonial, a escravidão desempenhava um papel importante no sistema socioeconômico da América do Norte britânica e era reconhecida nas Treze Colônias na época da Declaração da Independência dos Estados Unidos em 1776. Durante e após a Revolução Americana, eventos e declarações de políticos e outros levaram a diferenças, tensões e divisões entre cidadãos dos estados escravistas do Sul dos Estados Unidos e cidadãos dos estados livres do Norte dos Estados Unidos (incluindo vários estados ocidentais recém-admitidos) sobre os tópicos da escravidão. Nas muitas décadas entre a Guerra Revolucionária e a Guerra Civil, essas divisões se tornaram cada vez mais irreconciliáveis e controversas.[1]
Os eventos na década de 1850 culminaram com a eleição do republicano anti-escravidão Abraham Lincoln como presidente em 6 de novembro de 1860. Isso provocou a primeira rodada de secessão do estado, já que os líderes dos estados de algodão do Sul Profundo não estavam dispostos a permanecer no que consideravam um status político de segunda classe, com seu modo de vida agora ameaçado pelo próprio presidente. Alabama, Flórida, Geórgia, Luisiana, Mississippi, Carolina do Sul e Texas. Depois que os Confederados atacaram e capturaram o Fort Sumter, o presidente Lincoln pediu que os voluntários marchassem para o Sul e reprimissem a rebelião. Isso levou outros quatro estados do Sul Superior (Virgínia, Carolina do Norte, Tennessee e Arkansas) a se separarem, completando a incorporação dos Estados Confederados da América em julho de 1861. Suas contribuições de território e soldados aos Confederados garantiram que a guerra seria prolongada e sangrenta.
Período colonial, 1607–1775
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Revolução Americana e período da Confederação, 1776–1787
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[[Categoria:Batalhas da Guerra Civil Americana
[[Categoria:Listas de batalhas
- ↑ James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988), ch. 1–8.
- ↑ a b c Bowman, John S., ed. The Civil War Almanac. New York: Facts on File, Bison Book Corp., 1982. ISBN 0-87196-640-9. Chronology: The Approach to War (pp. 12–50) and Chronology: The War Years (pp. 50–269), p. 12.
- ↑ Rubin, Louis, D. Virginia, a History. New York, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, 1977. ISBN 978-0-393-05630-3. p. 9
- ↑ Wilson, Henry. History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America. 3 volumes. Volume 1. Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1872. OCLC 445241. Retrieved April 13, 2011. pp. 2–3
- ↑ Higginbotham, A. Leon (1975). In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. [S.l.]: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780195027457
- ↑ McCartney, Martha W. A Study of Africans and African Americans on Jamestown Island and at Green Spring, 1619–1803 (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 2003), p. 47.
- ↑ Wilson, 1872, p. 6.
- ↑ William McLoughlin, Rhode Island, a history (1986), p. 106 online.
- ↑ Warren Billings,The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1700 (2007), pp. 237–338.
- ↑ Russell, John Henderson. The free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 (1913).
- ↑ William O. Blake, History of Slavery and the Slave Trade, Ancient and Modern (1861), p. 372.
- ↑ Ferenc M. Szasz, "The New York Slave Revolt of 1741: A Re-Examination." New York History (1967): 215–230 in JSTOR.
- ↑ Dowdey, 1969, p. 274.
- ↑ Kars, Marjoleine (2008). «1739 – Stono Rebellion». In: Campbell, Ballard C. Disasters, Accidents, and Crises in American History: A Reference Guide to the Nation's Most Catastrophic Events. New York: Facts on File. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-8160-6603-2
- ↑ Aptheker, Herbert (1983) [1943]. American Negro Slave Revolts Fifth ed. New York: International Publishers. pp. 187–189. ISBN 978-0-7178-0605-8
- ↑ Thomas J. Davis, "The New York Slave Conspiracy of 1741 as Black Protest". In Journal of Negro History, Vol. 56, No. 1 (January 1971), pp. 17–30 in JSTOR.
- ↑ Blake, 1861, p. 178.
- ↑ James M. McPherson, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (1982), p. 38 gives the year as 1775.
- ↑ J. Kevin Graffagnino, "Vermont Attitudes Toward Slavery: The Need for a Closer Look," Vermont History, January 1977, Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp. 31–34.
- ↑ a b c d Blake, 1861, pp. 421–422.
- ↑ Historians report "in all likelihood Jefferson composed [the law] although the evidence is not conclusive"; John E. Selby and Don Higginbotham, The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783 (2007), p. 158.
- ↑ a b c Blake, 1861, p. 389.
- ↑ a b c d e Wagner, Margaret E., Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman. The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, Inc., 2009 edition. ISBN 978-1-4391-4884-6. First published 2002, p. 57.
- ↑ a b Bowman, 1982, p. 12, states that in 1780–1804, the Northern states passed laws and their courts issued decisions that in effect prohibited slavery in those states.
- ↑ Blake, 1861, p. 406.
- ↑ Wilson, 1872, p. 20.
- ↑ Howard T. Oedel, "Slavery In Colonial Portsmouth," Historical New Hampshire, Autumn 1966, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp 3–11.
- ↑ Nicholas Santoro, Atlas of Slavery and Civil Rights (2006), pp. 19–21.
- ↑ Peter S. Onuf, Congress and the Confederation (1991), p. 345.
- ↑ Frank E. Grizzard, Jr., George! a Guide to All Things Washington (2005), p. 285.
- ↑ Junius P. Rodriguez, ed. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997), 2:473–4.
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, p. 2.
- ↑ Hansen, Harry. The Civil War: A History. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961. OCLC 500488542, pp. 13–14.
- ↑ Wilson, 1872, p. 33.
- ↑ Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. OCLC 68283123, p. 700.
- ↑ «First Census of the United States.» (PDF). p. 6. Consultado em 2 de maio de 2010
- ↑ The census data number of slaves in the U.S. in 1790 of 698,000 apparently has been rounded.
- ↑ Long, 1971, pp. 701–702.
- ↑ Wagner, 2009, p. 71.
- ↑ Wagner's figure is rounded to 3,954,000.
- ↑ Levy, Andrew. The First Emancipator: The Forgotten Story of Robert Carter, the Founding Father who freed his slaves. New York: Random House, 2005. ISBN 0-375-50865-1.
- ↑ Hansen, 1961, p. 13.
- ↑ Junius P. Rodriguez (2007). Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia. [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 516. ISBN 9781851095445
- ↑ Paul Finkelman, "Regulating the African Slave Trade", Civil War History (December 2008), vol. 54#4, pp. 379–404, esp. pp. 397–9, doi:10.1353/cwh.0.0034.
- ↑ Jed H. Shugerman, "The Louisiana Purchase and South Carolina's Reopening of the Slave Trade in 1803", Journal of the Early Republic 22 (2002): 263.
- ↑ Kevin R. Gutzman, "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered: 'An Appeal to the Real Laws of Our Country'", Journal of Southern History, August 2000, Vol. 66 Issue 3, pp. 473–96.
- ↑ Frank Maloy Anderson, "Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions", American Historical Review Vol. 5, No. 1 (October 1899), pp. 45–63 in JSTOR part 2, Vol. 5, No. 2 (December 1899), pp. 225–252, in JSTOR.
- ↑ Watkins, Jr., William J. Reclaiming the American Revolution: the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and Their Legacy. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004. ISBN 1-4039-6303-7. Retrieved May 29, 2011, pp. xi–xii.
- ↑ Wagner, 2009, p. 78
- ↑ Dennis J. Pogue, George Washington and the Politics of Slavery Arquivado em julho 18, 2011, no Wayback Machine, Historic Alexandria Quarterly (Spring/Summer 2003), pp. 1, 7.
- ↑ Elizabeth R. Varon, Disunion!: the coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859 (2008) p. 21
- ↑ Foner, Philip Sheldon and Robert J. Branham. Lift every voice: African American oratory, 1787–1900. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1998, pp. 57–58.
- ↑ «1800 Census Questions». Consultado em 3 de maio de 2010. Cópia arquivada em 27 de abril de 2010
- ↑ «Enumeration of Persons in the several districts of The United States» (PDF). 1800. 3 páginas. Consultado em 10 de maio de 2010
- ↑ Douglas R. Egerton, "Gabriel's Conspiracy and the Election of 1800", Journal of Southern History Vol. 56, No. 2 (May 1990), pp. 191–214, in JSTOR.
- ↑ John Craig Hammond, "'They Are Very Much Interested in Obtaining an Unlimited Slavery': Rethinking the Expansion of Slavery in the Louisiana Purchase Territories, 1803–1805", Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Autumn 2003), pp. 353–380, in JSTOR.
- ↑ Stephen Middleton, The Black laws: race and the legal process in early Ohio (2005), p. 245.
- ↑ Arthur Zilversmit, "Liberty and Property: New Jersey and the Abolition of Slavery", New Jersey History, December 1970, Vol. 88, Issue 4, pp. 215–226.
- ↑ Wilson, 1872, p. 24.
- ↑ Copied from "Chatham Manor", National Park Service. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ↑ Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time: Volume Six, The Sage of Monticello (1981), p. 319.
- ↑ Paul Finkelman, "Regulating the African Slave Trade", Civil War History Volume: 54#4 (2008), pp. 379+.
- ↑ Paul Finkelman, "Regulating the African Slave Trade", Civil War History Volume: 54#4 (2008), pp. 379+.
- ↑ Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (1974), pp. 545–6.
- ↑ «Archived copy». Consultado em 14 de fevereiro de 2018. Cópia arquivada em 9 de fevereiro de 2013
- ↑ Kiefer, Joseph Warren. Slavery and Four Years of War: A Political History of Slavery in the United States Together with a Narrative of the Campaigns and Battles of the Civil War in Which the Author Took Part: 1861–1865, vol. 1. New York: G. Putnam's Sons, 1900. OCLC 5026746, p. 15.
- ↑ Peter Kolchin, American Slavery: 1619–1877 (1994), pp. 78, 81.
- ↑ Junius P. Rodriguez, ed. The Louisiana Purchase: a historical and geographical encyclopedia (2002), p. 328.
- ↑ James M. Banner, Jr., "A Shadow of Session? The Hartford Convention, 1814," History Today, (1988) 38#9, pp. 24–30.
- ↑ Frankie Hutton, "Economic Considerations in the American Colonization Society's Early Effort to Emigrate Free Blacks to Liberia, 1816–36," Journal of Negro History (1983) 68#4 pp. 376–389. in JSTOR
- ↑ Gary B. Nash, "New Light on Richard Allen: The Early Years of Freedom," William & Mary Quarterly, April 1989, Vol. 46 Issue 2, pp. 332–340.
- ↑ Paul Finkelman (1996). Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson. [S.l.]: M.E. Sharpe. p. 73. ISBN 9780765628381
- ↑ David J. Libby (2004). Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835. [S.l.]: University Press of Mississippi. p. 61. ISBN 9781604732009
- ↑ Finkelman (1996). Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 73–82. ISBN 9780765628381
- ↑ Daniel Walker Howe, "Missouri, Slave Or Free?" American Heritage, Summer 2010, Vol. 60, Issue 2, pp. 21–23 [online].
- ↑ Herbert James Lewis (2013). Clearing the Thickets: A History of Antebellum Alabama. [S.l.]: Quid Pro Books. p. 152. ISBN 9781610271660
- ↑ Wagner, 2009, p. 58.
- ↑ a b c d Hansen, 1961, p. 20.
- ↑ Maury Klein, Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War (1997). ISBN 0-679-44747-4, p. 38.
- ↑ Hansen, 1961, p. 19.
- ↑ a b Division, US Census Bureau Systems Support. «Selected Historical Decennial Census Population and Housing Counts». www.census.gov. Consultado em 5 de abril de 2018
- ↑ David S. Heidler; Jeanne T. Heidler (2010). Henry Clay: The Essential American. [S.l.]: Random House. p. 147. ISBN 9781588369956
- ↑ a b c d Bowman, 1982, p. 14.
- ↑ a b Klein, 1997, p. 40.
- ↑ Wagner, 2009, p. 84.
- ↑ Robert L. Paquette, "From Rebellion to Revisionism: The Continuing Debate about the Denmark Vesey Affair," Journal of the Historical Society, September 2004, Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 291–334, rejects revisionist argument that no plot actually existed.
- ↑ James David Essig, "The Lord's Free Man: Charles G. Finney and his Abolitionism," Civil War History, March 1978, Vol. 24, Issue 1, pp. 25–45.
- ↑ a b c d e f Wagner, 2009, p. 59.
- ↑ Hansen, 1961, p. 15.
- ↑ Trevor Burnard and Gad Heuman, The Routledge History of Slavery (2010), p. 318.
- ↑ Rodriguez (2007). Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 406. ISBN 9781851095445
- ↑ Hansen, 1961, pp. 14–15.
- ↑ Clement Eaton, "A Dangerous Pamphlet in the Old South", Journal of Southern History (1936) 2#3 pp. 323–334 in JSTOR
- ↑ Maurice Glen Baxter (1984). One and Inseparable: Daniel Webster and the Union. [S.l.]: Harvard UP. p. 187. ISBN 9780674638211
- ↑ Crowther, Edward R. Abolitionists. pp. 6–7 in Heidler, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War.
- ↑ Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (2008), p. xiii.
- ↑ Stephen B. Oates, The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turner's Fierce Rebellion (1990).
- ↑ Rubin, 1977, p. 114.
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, pp. 45–46.
- ↑ a b c d Bowman, 1982, p. 15.
- ↑ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 17.
- ↑ a b Larry E. Tise, Proslavery. In The Confederacy edited by Richard N. Current. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1993. ISBN 0-02-864920-6, p. 866.
- ↑ a b Hansen, 1961, p. 18.
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, p. 41.
- ↑ Bowman, 1982, pp. 15–16.
- ↑ Gretchen A. Adams, Weld, Theodore Dwight. p. 2086, in Heidler, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War.
- ↑ a b Klein, 1997, p. 39.
- ↑ William Lee Miller. Arguing About Slavery: John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle in the United States Congress. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1995. ISBN 0-394-56922-9, pp. 144–146.
- ↑ a b Bowman, 1982, p. 16.
- ↑ a b McPherson, 1982, p. 51.
- ↑ a b c Wagner, 2009, p. 60.
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, p. 53.
- ↑ Wagner, 2009, p. 133.
- ↑ Frederick J. Blue, No Taint of Compromise: Crusaders in Antislavery Politics (2006), p. 93.
- ↑ Robert V. Remini, The House: The History of the House of Representatives (2007), p. 126.
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, p. 40.
- ↑ Bowman, 1982, p. 33.
- ↑ Ronald F. Briley, The Study Guide Amistad: A Lasting Legacy. In History Teacher, Vol. 31, No. 3 (May 1998), pp. 390–394, in JSTOR
- ↑ Theodore Dwight Weld, ed., American Slavery as it is (Cambridge University Press, 2015) online Arquivado em abril 25, 2016, no Wayback Machine
- ↑ Division, US Census Bureau Systems Support. «Selected Historical Decennial Census Population and Housing Counts». www.census.gov. Consultado em 5 de abril de 2018
- ↑ Immanuel Ness and James Ciment, eds. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America (2001), p. 344.
- ↑ Del Lago, Enrico. Abolitionist Movement, p. 5, in Heidler, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War.
- ↑ Selma Berrol, The Empire City: New York and its People, 1624–1996 (1997) p.
- ↑ Maggie Sale, The Slumbering Volcano: American slave ship revolts and the production of rebellious masculinity (1997), p. 120.
- ↑ Joseph Nogee, "The Prigg Case and Fugitive Slavery, 1842–1850," Journal of Negro History Vol. 39, No. 3 (July 1954), pp. 185–205, in JSTOR
- ↑ Joseph C. Burke. "What Did the Prigg Decision Really Decide?" Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 93, No. 1 (January 1969), pp. 73–85, in JSTOR.
- ↑ Thomas D. Morris, Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North, 1780–1861 (1974).
- ↑ a b Clarence C. Goen, "Broken churches, broken nation: Regional religion and North-south alienation in Antebellum America." Church History 52.01 (1983): 21–35. in JSTOR
- ↑ Jacqueline Bacon, "'Do you understand your own language?' Revolutionary topoi in the rhetoric of African‐American abolitionists." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 28.2 (1998): 55–75.
- ↑ Klein, 1997, p. 31.
- ↑ Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave (2000), online.
- ↑ Lyon Rathbun, "The debate over annexing Texas and the emergence of Manifest Destiny." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4.3 (2001): 459–493, online.
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, p. 59.
- ↑ Faust, Patricia L. DeBow's Review, in Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War, edited by Patricia L. Faust (1986), pp. 212–213.
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, p. 56.
- ↑ a b McPherson, 1982, p. 57.
- ↑ Eric Foner, "The Wilmot Proviso Revisited." Journal of American History 56.2 (1969): 262–279, online
- ↑ Wagner, 2009, p. 62.
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, p. 60.
- ↑ Bowman, 1982, pp. 34–35.
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, p. 61.
- ↑ a b Bowman, 1982, p. 35.
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, p. 58.
- ↑ Richard J. Ellis and Alexis Walker, "Policy Speech in the Nineteenth Century Rhetorical Presidency: The Case of Zachary Taylor's 1849 Tour." Presidential Studies Quarterly 37.2 (2007): 248–269.
- ↑ R. Lawrence Hachey, "Jacksonian Democracy and the Wisconsin Constitution." Marquette Law Review 62 (1978): 485. online
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, p. 72.
- ↑ McPherson, 1982, pp. 72–73.
- ↑ Cardinal Goodwin, The establishment of state government in California 1846–1850 (1916), online.
- ↑ Ann Petry (2015). Harriet Tubman: Conductor on the Underground Railroad. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 9781504019866