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Usuário:RodrigoTavares/Descoberta dos elementos químicos

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A descoberta dos 118 elementos químicos conhecidos em 2021 é apresentada em ordem cronológica. Os elementos são listados geralmente na ordem em que cada um foi definido pela primeira vez como o elemento puro, já que a data exata da descoberta da maioria dos elementos não pode ser determinada com precisão. Existem planos para sintetizar mais elementos, e não se sabe quantos elementos são possíveis.

São listados de cada elemento seu nome, seu número atômico, o ano em que foi relatado pela primeira vez, o nome de seu descobridor e notas relacionadas à sua descoberta.Predefinição:Periodic table (discovery periods)

Descobertas antigas

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Z Elemento Primeiro uso Registro de existência da amostra Descobridor(es) Local da amostra mais antiga Notas
29 Cobre 9000 a.C. 6000 a.C. Oriente Médio Anatolia Copper was probably the first metal mined and crafted by humans.[1] It was originally obtained as a native metal and later from the smelting of ores. Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BC in the Middle East. It was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages. Copper beads dating from 6000 BC have been found in Çatal Höyük, Anatolia and the archaeological site of Belovode on the Rudnik mountain in Serbia contains the world's oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting from 5000 BC.[2][3]
82 Lead 7000 BC 3800 BC Africa Abydos, Egypt It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9,000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Abydos dated around 3800 BC.[4]
79 Gold Before 6000 BC Before 4000 BC Levant Wadi Qana The earliest gold artifacts were discovered at the site of Wadi Qana in the Levant.[5]
47 Silver Before 5000 BC ca. 4000 BC Asia Minor Asia Minor Estimated to have been discovered in Asia Minor shortly after copper and gold.[6]
26 Iron Before 5000 BC 4000 BC Middle East Egypt There is evidence that iron was known from before 5000 BC.[7] The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC[8] and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons.[9]
6 Carbon 3750 BC 2500 BC Egyptians and Sumerians Middle East The earliest known use of charcoal was for the reduction of copper, zinc, and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze, by the Egyptians and Sumerians.[10] Diamonds were probably known as early as 2500 BC.[11] True chemical analyses were made in the 18th century,[12] and in 1789 carbon was listed by Antoine Lavoisier as an element.[13]
50 Tin 3500 BC 2000 BC Asia Minor Kestel First smelted in combination with copper around 3500 BC to produce bronze (and thus giving place to the Bronze Age in those places where Iron Age did not intrude directly on Neolithic of the Stone Age).[necessário esclarecer][14] Kestel, in southern Turkey, is the site of an ancient Cassiterite mine that was used from 3250 to 1800 BC.[15] The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC.[16]
16 Sulfur Before 2000 BC Before AD 815 Middle East Middle East First used at least 4,000 years ago.[17] According to the Ebers Papyrus, a sulfur ointment was used in ancient Egypt to treat granular eyelids.[18] Recognized as an element by Jabir ibn Hayyan before AD 815,[19] and by Antoine Lavoisier in 1777.
80 Mercury 1500 BC 1500 BC Egyptians Egypt Found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BC.[20]
30 Zinc Before 1000 BC 1000 BC Indian metallurgists Indian subcontinent Used as a component of brass since antiquity (before 1000 BC) by Indian metallurgists, but its true nature was not understood in ancient times. Identified as a distinct metal in the Rasaratna Samuccaya around the 14th century of the Christian era and by the alchemist Paracelsus in 1526.[21] Isolated by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746.[22]
33 Arsenic Before AD 815 Before AD 815 Middle-Eastern alchemists Middle East The use of metallic arsenic was described by the Egyptian alchemist Zosimos.[23] The purification of arsenic was later described by Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan. Albertus Magnus (c. 1200-1280) is typically credited with the description of the metalloid in the West.[24]
51 Antimony Before AD 815 Before AD 815 Jabir ibn Hayyan Middle East Dioscorides and Pliny both describe the accidental production of metallic antimony from stibnite, but only seem to recognize the metal as lead.[25] The intentional isolation of antimony is described by Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan.[26] In Europe, the metal was being produced and used by 1540, when it was described by Vannoccio Biringuccio.[27]
83 Bismuth Before AD 1000 Before AD 1000 Jabir ibn Hayyan Middle East Described by Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan in the Jabirian corpus.[28][29] Later described in Europe by Claude François Geoffroy in 1753.[30]

Descobertas modernas

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[[Categoria:Listas de elementos]] [[Categoria:História da física]] [[Categoria:História da química]] [[Categoria:Descobridores de elementos químicos]]

  1. ↑ «Copper History». Rameria.com. Consultado em 12 de setembro de 2008. Cópia arquivada em 17 de setembro de 2008 
  2. ↑ «Serbian site may have hosted first copper makers». UCL.ac.uk. UCL Institute of Archaeology. 23 September 2010. Consultado em 22 April 2017  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  3. ↑ Bruce Bower (July 17, 2010). «Serbian site may have hosted first copper makers». ScienceNews. Consultado em 22 April 2017  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  4. ↑ «The History of Lead – Part 3». Lead.org.au. Consultado em 12 de setembro de 2008. Cópia arquivada em 18 de outubro de 2004 
  5. ↑ Gopher, A.; Tsuk, T.; Shalev, S.; Gophna, R. (August–October 1990). «Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant». Current Anthropology. 31: 436–443. JSTOR 2743275. doi:10.1086/203868  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  6. ↑ «Silver Facts – Periodic Table of the Elements». Chemistry.about.com. Consultado em 12 de setembro de 2008 
  7. ↑ «26 Iron». Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Consultado em 12 de setembro de 2008 
  8. ↑ Weeks, Mary Elvira; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). «Elements Known to the Ancients». Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 29–40. ISBN 0-7661-3872-0. LCCCN 68-15217 
  9. ↑ «Notes on the Significance of the First Persian Empire in World History». Courses.wcupa.edu. Consultado em 12 de setembro de 2008 
  10. ↑ «History of Carbon and Carbon Materials – Center for Applied Energy Research – University of Kentucky». Caer.uky.edu. Consultado em 12 de setembro de 2008. Cópia arquivada em 1 de novembro de 2012 
  11. ↑ «Chinese made first use of diamond». BBC News. 17 May 2005. Consultado em 21 de março de 2007  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  12. ↑ Ferchault de Réaumur, R-A (1722). L'art de convertir le fer forgé en acier, et l'art d'adoucir le fer fondu, ou de faire des ouvrages de fer fondu aussi finis que le fer forgé (English translation from 1956). Paris, Chicago: [s.n.] 
  13. ↑ Senese, Fred (September 9, 2009). «Who discovered carbon?». Frostburg State University. Consultado em 24 de novembro de 2007  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  14. ↑ «50 Tin». Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Consultado em 12 de setembro de 2008 
  15. ↑ Hauptmann, A.; Maddin, R.; Prange, M. (2002), «On the structure and composition of copper and tin ingots excavated from the shipwreck of Uluburun», American Schools of Oriental Research, Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research, 328 (328), pp. 1–30 
  16. ↑ «History of Metals». Neon.mems.cmu.edu. Consultado em 12 de setembro de 2008. Cópia arquivada em 8 de janeiro de 2007 
  17. ↑ «Sulfur History». Georgiagulfsulfur.com. Consultado em 12 de setembro de 2008. Cópia arquivada em 16 de setembro de 2008 
  18. ↑ Rapp, George Robert (4 February 2009). Archaeomineralogy. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-3-540-78593-4  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  19. ↑ Holmyard, E.J. (1931). Makers of Chemistry. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 57–58 
  20. ↑ «Mercury and the environment – Basic facts». Environment Canada, Federal Government of Canada. 2004. Consultado em 27 de março de 2008. Cópia arquivada em 15 de janeiro de 2007 
  21. ↑ «30 Zinc». Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Consultado em 12 de setembro de 2008 
  22. ↑ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). «III. Some Eighteenth-Century Metals». The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. ISBN 0-7661-3872-0 
  23. ↑ Holmyard, Eric John (1957). Alchemy. [S.l.]: Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486262987. Consultado em 26 January 2018  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  24. ↑ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198503415. Consultado em 28 February 2018  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  25. ↑ Healy, John F. (1999). Pliny the Elder on Science and Technology. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198146872. Consultado em 26 January 2018  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  26. ↑ Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Sarton
  27. ↑ Biringuccio, Vannoccio (1959). Pirotechnia. [S.l.]: Courier Corporation. pp. 91–92. ISBN 9780486261348. Consultado em 31 January 2018. Probably metallic antimony was being produced in Germany in Biringuccio's time, for later in this chapter he mentions importation of cakes of the smelted (or melted) metal to alloy with pewter or bell metal.  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  28. ↑ Holmyard, E.J. (1931). Makers of Chemistry. Oxford: Clarendon Press 
  29. ↑ Ansari, Farzana Latif; Qureshi, Rumana; Qureshi, Masood Latif (1998). Electrocyclic reactions: from fundamentals to research. [S.l.]: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-29755-9 
  30. ↑ «Bismuth». Los Alamos National Laboratory. Consultado em 3 March 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
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